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International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

International mathematics competition for pre-university students, held annually since 1959. Six problems over two days.

This paper introduces an approach to measuring the cognitive complexity of texts on various language levels. While standard readability indices are based on the linear combination of primary statistics, our general approach allows us to estimate complexity on morphological, lexical, syntactic, and discursive levels. Each model is defined by the tokens for the specific language level and the complexity function of a single token. We then use the reference collection of moderately complex texts and the quantile-based approach to spot the abnormally rare tokens. The proposed supervised ensemble, based on the ElasticNet model, incorporates models from all language levels. Having collected a labeled dataset through crowdsourcing, consisting of pairs of articles from the Russian Wikipedia, we consider several models and ensembles and compare them to common baselines. Suggested models are flexible due to the freedom in choosing the reference collection. The described experiments confirm the competitiveness of the proposed approach, as the ensembles demonstrate the best target metric value.

Невырожденные матрицы, критерий обратимости, формула через присоединённую матрицу и метод Гаусса–Жордана.

Every finite flat commutative group scheme over a noetherian local ring is the torsion component of the Picard scheme of a smooth projective scheme with 3-dimensional fibers, built as a quotient of a complete intersection. An application: Hodge numbers that jump in a smooth projective family.

Линейный оператор и его матрица, действие x' = Ax, подобные матрицы и формула B = C⁻¹AC.

Справочная таблица производных элементарных функций: степенной, показательной, логарифмической, тригонометрических и обратных к ним.