Kategorien
Philosophy read historically: what earlier thinkers argued, reconstructed in the problems and vocabulary of their own time. Not the same field as philosophy of history (E8).
How religions began, spread, split and died: the institutions, conversions and reformations, treated historically rather than theologically.
How scientific knowledge and practice actually developed: the experiments, institutions and controversies behind the results now taken for granted.
How tools, machines and technical systems came to be, and what they did to the societies that built them. Not the same question as science and technology studies, which asks how knowledge and technology are shaped now.
Chain complexes, exact sequences and derived functors, the machinery that carries algebraic invariants into topology and geometry.
The human half of geography: population, settlement, economic activity and culture, studied through where they happen and why there.
How organisations select, pay, develop and keep people, and whether any of those practices does what it is supposed to.
The rights a person holds against any state, and the treaties, courts and reporting machinery built to make that claim mean something.
How people use computing systems, and how to design and evaluate systems around what people actually do.
Groundwater: how it moves through rock and soil, how aquifers store it, and how contamination spreads in one.
Fresh water moving through the landscape: rainfall, runoff, rivers, and the water balance of a catchment.
The study of fish: their classification, physiology, ecology and the fisheries that depend on them.
The study of the immune system and its response to pathogens and disease.
Psychology applied to work: selection and assessment, job performance, motivation and well-being, and the measurement problems all of them run into.
Making a whole system of people, machines and material work better: process design, quality, scheduling and throughput.
Firms and markets that are not perfectly competitive: market power, entry, pricing strategy, and the antitrust argument that follows.
Illness caused by pathogens: how they are diagnosed and treated in a patient, and how resistance to the treatment develops.
Finding the documents that answer a query: indexing, ranking, and the evaluation measures that say whether the ranking was any good.
Information technology inside an organisation: what gets adopted, what it changes about the work, and why so many implementations fail for reasons that are not technical.
Observation in the infrared, which sees through dust and reaches cool objects and the most distant redshifted galaxies. Mostly done from space, because the atmosphere and the telescope itself both glow.